催化劑載體的未來發展前景

        活性(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)一類使(shi)用廣泛的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，且作為(wei)惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，約占(zhan)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上負載(zai)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)70 %。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)有多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)(xing)態，不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)不(bu)(bu)同形(xing)(xing)態有不(bu)(bu)同性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)，即(ji)使(shi)同一形(xing)(xing)態也(ye)因其(qi)來源不(bu)(bu)同，而有不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)，如密度、孔隙結構(gou)、比表面(mian)(mian)積等。這些性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)對于(yu)(yu)用做催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)有重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)意義。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)大(da)(da)多(duo)是(shi)從(cong)其(qi)氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)（又稱水(shui)合氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)或氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)水(shui)合物）制(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)。其(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)兩性(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物，能(neng)(neng)溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)無機(ji)酸和堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)溶(rong)液中(zhong)(zhong)，有四(si)種(zhong)(zhong)同分(fen)(fen)(fen)異構(gou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)β- 氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，δ-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，γ-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，α-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，主要(yao)(yao)有α型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和γ型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩種(zhong)(zhong)變體(ti)(ti)(ti)，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上可(ke)從(cong)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)土礦中(zhong)(zhong)提取。 在(zai)α型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)晶格中(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)離子為(wei)六方(fang)緊(jin)密堆積，Al 3+ 對稱地(di)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布在(zai)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)離子圍成的(de)(de)(de)八面(mian)(mian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)配位中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)，晶格能(neng)(neng)很大(da)(da)，故熔點(dian)、沸點(dian)很高(gao)(gao)(gao)。α型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)不(bu)(bu)溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)水(shui)和酸，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上也(ye)稱鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，是(shi)制(zhi)金屬鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)基本原料；也(ye)用于(yu)(yu)制(zhi)各種(zhong)(zhong)耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)磚、耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)坩(gan)堝、耐(nai)(nai)火(huo)管、耐(nai)(nai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫實驗儀器(qi)；還(huan)(huan)可(ke)作研(yan)磨劑(ji)、阻燃(ran)劑(ji)、填充料等；高(gao)(gao)(gao)純的(de)(de)(de)α型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)生產人造(zao)剛玉、人造(zao)紅寶石(shi)(shi)(shi)和藍寶石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)原料；還(huan)(huan)用于(yu)(yu)生產現代大(da)(da)規模集成電路的(de)(de)(de)板基。γ型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)在(zai) 110-120°C 的(de)(de)(de)低溫環境下脫水(shui)制(zhi)得，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上也(ye)叫(jiao)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膠(jiao)。其(qi)結構(gou)中(zhong)(zhong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)離子近似為(wei)立方(fang)面(mian)(mian)心(xin)緊(jin)密堆積，Al 3+ 不(bu)(bu)規則地(di)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布在(zai)由氧(yang)(yang)(yang)離子圍成的(de)(de)(de)八面(mian)(mian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)和四(si)面(mian)(mian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)空(kong)隙之中(zhong)(zhong)。γ 型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)不(bu)(bu)溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)水(shui)，能(neng)(neng)溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)強(qiang)酸或強(qiang)堿溶(rong)液，將它(ta)加(jia)熱至(zhi)1200°C 就全部(bu)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)α型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。γ型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)孔性(xing)(xing)(xing)物質(zhi)，每克的(de)(de)(de)內表面(mian)(mian)積高(gao)(gao)(gao)達(da)數(shu)百平方(fang)米(mi)，活性(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)吸(xi)附能(neng)(neng)力強(qiang)。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)品常(chang)(chang)為(wei)無色或微帶粉紅的(de)(de)(de)圓柱(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒，耐(nai)(nai)壓性(xing)(xing)(xing)好。在(zai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)煉(lian)制(zhi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)常(chang)(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附劑(ji)、催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)和催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)；在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上是(shi)變壓器(qi)油(you)、透平油(you)的(de)(de)(de)脫酸劑(ji)，還(huan)(huan)用于(yu)(yu)色層(ceng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析；在(zai)實驗室(shi)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)干燥劑(ji)，其(qi)干燥能(neng)(neng)力不(bu)(bu)亞于(yu)(yu)五氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)二磷，使(shi)用后在(zai)175 °C以下加(jia)熱 6-8h還(huan)(huan)能(neng)(neng)再生重復使(shi)用。